Introduction: Considered as an important factor in communication, prosody is composed of a number of features including intonation, pitch, stress, rhythm and duration, among others. Intonation is the variation of pitch in the course of producing a sentence. In this study, fundamental frequency range was defined as the minimum and maximum amounts of fundamental frequency one can produce when speaking a sentence. The aim of the present study was to evaluate two aspects of prosody, namely, fundamental frequency range and intonation contour in DECLARATIVE SENTENCES expressed by normal Farsi-speaking adults through laboratory procedures. Materials and Methods: Participants of this cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study were 134 males and females, aging between 18 to 30 years, who natively spoke Farsi. Voice samples obtained by having each subject produce 2 DECLARATIVE SENTENCES were analyzed by Dr. Speech program (real analysis software). Data were statistically analyzed via unilateral analysis variance and intonation contour was drawn for each of these SENTENCES. Results: The intonation contour was similar among two sex groups. However, fundamental frequency range of males during speaking the SENTENCES significantly differed from that produced by female subjects (P≤0.001). Conclusion: The intonation contour of DECLARATIVE SENTENCES was characterized by a falling status at the end of the sentence. Females showed much more changes in fundamental frequency in order to transfer DECLARATIVE state in their expressions than males did.

Semantics is one of the important branches of rhetorical sciences. It plays a significant role in the expression of speech and serves as a key tool for analyzing discourse and understanding the meaning hidden behind phrases. In this context, the secondary functions of DECLARATIVE and informative SENTENCES hold an important place in the field of semantics. They are among the rhetorical techniques that deepen the literary dimensions of speech. Nahj al-Balaghah and its wisdoms are filled with DECLARATIVE (news) SENTENCES in which rhetorical functions and deeper meanings are also evident. In other words, to enhance the rhetorical structure of the text, the speaker employs DECLARATIVE constructions not only to convey information but also to express secondary rhetorical functions such as persuasion, warning, boasting, command, prohibition, and more. This research aims to answer the question: What secondary functions of DECLARATIVE SENTENCES are used in the wisdoms of Nahj al-Balaghah, and what is their intended effect? To address this question, a descriptive-analytical method was employed. The study attempts to explain the rhetorical functions and secondary functions of DECLARATIVE SENTENCES in a selection of the wisdoms of Nahj al-Balaghah, in order to highlight the eloquence and rhetorical depth of the Imam’s (AS) speech. It also aims to shed light on the various dimensions of these secondary functions, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding and analysis of these wisdoms. The findings of the study indicate that most of the wisdoms in Nahj al-Balaghah utilize DECLARATIVE sentence structures, and rhetorical functions such as persuasion, prohibition, condemnation, and encouragement appear with the highest frequency.

1. Introduction: In semantics, those SENTENCES are discussed that are not used in their original meaning or do not have a literal counterpart to guide the listener to the secondary meaning. Instead this guidance should be done through reasoning in the current situation and evidences. This is one of the chapters of rhetoric and one of the topics of semantics and the necessity of the present. The world of literature is different from the real world. In other words, the reality of literature is largely a virtual reality. That’, s why in literature, SENTENCES are not usually use in their original meanings,rather, they are use in secondary and virtual purposes by which the speaker expresses his intentions. Different SENTENCES can have two or more meanings, one of which is appropriate to the intention of the speaker,he chooses the meaning according to his purpose, and his purpose gives particular meaning or application to the sentence. This is one of the techniques of eloquence to deepen of literal dimension of speech. . .

The importance of researches within the syntactic scope of different languages and dialects in scientific frameworks has specifically gained interest within the Optimality Theoretic Framework (OTE), within which the variety differences can be defined by differential rankings of the same set of constraints, and the concept of “Unity in Variety” in different linguistic domains is achieved. The present dialectological study is aimed to investigate the word order of DECLARATIVE projections (including transitive, intransitive and clefting SENTENCES) in Ateni/Saravi dialect of Mazandarani language. To achieve the goals of the investigation, 27 dialectal DECLARATIVE SENTENCES are analyzed and represented by the usage of tableaus and diagrams throughout the paper. The analysis is performed by the aid of Grimshaw's (2001) left alignment constraints (Head Left, Specifier Left and Complement Left) as well as her (2001, 1997) obligatory element constraints (Obligatory Head and Obligatory Specifier). For the sake of determining the appearance and absence of subject in the projections studied in the dialectal data, the research applies Kohn's (2003) structural constraints including that of faithfulness (Full Interpretation, Parse) and markedness ones (Opearator-Specifier, No-Lexical Movement, Stay). Following Grimshaw (2001), the investigation of the concept of unity in variety has been followed throughout this study not only by the usage of alignment constraints but also by their number of violations; i.e. the variation lies only in which of the constraints to be violated, and the number of times it violates. In accordance, the present research demonstrates that the sameness of the number of elements in the dialectal projections results in the sameness of the total number of alignment violations that approves the unity in spite of superficial linguistic varities.

One of the features of Saeb’s poetry (1086 H) is his use of compound similes - particularly making abundant use of allegory. Allegory is a gate to novice themes and this is the case that Saeb participated in the theme-seeking game commonly held in Iran and India at the Safavids era. Thekind of endeavor to explore and integrate new themes in the Safavid’s style of poetry increased the poets’ inclination to the use of metaphorical and laconic contexts (spaces). Their great tendency to compact a world of themes in a single verse made the influence of metaphor, figurative speech and simile possible in their poems...

The purpose of this study was to contently analyze the training textbooks used in teacher training centers based on DECLARATIVE and procedural knowledge. This research was of a content analysis type and quantitative content analysis method was used, here. All training courses used in teacher training centers were chosen as the statistical population. The sample and the population were equal in terms of the number. Data, then, was analyzed by means of descriptive statistics as percentage, frequency, and chi- square. The findings showed that general psychology book has the highest level of DECLARATIVE knowledge and the least amount of procedural knowledge; whereas, mathematics teaching book has the highest level of procedural knowledge and the least amount of DECLARATIVE knowledge.

One of the main subjects of rhetoric is assigning the truth and falsity of DECLARATIVE SENTENCES. If a proposition may be assessed as a truth or falsity, it will be considered as a DECLARATIVE sentence, otherwise it will be compositional. There were some theologians and philosophers who brought up the discussion of truth and untruth of declaration for the first. Although all literal propositions are not consistent with the language of logic, but illogical movement is clearly of their features. The literal propositions aren’t necessarily DECLARATIVE, but they aim to induce a new understanding of the phenomenon and the world around. In this study, considering the views of Muslim and non-Muslim scholars about the truth or falsity of propositions, I realized that the truth or falsity of propositions should only be assessed by their origins and a review looks being necessary about the assessment of a proposition accuracy in semantics.